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Abstract
Understanding the factors that influence life expectancy is crucial for formulating effective economic policies. Higher life expectancy reflects better economic, social, and health conditions in a society and is considered an investment in human capital. This study examines the impact of per capita income on life expectancy in Afghanistan using time series data from 2001 to 2020. Per capita income is one of the key determinants of life expectancy in all societies. Higher per capita income implies better access to goods and services, healthier nutrition, improved healthcare services, and greater overall well-being. To analyze the relationship and estimate the coefficients, the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied. The results indicate that GNI per capita has a positive and significant relationship with life expectancy in both the long and short run. A 1% increase in GNI per capita is associated with a 3.19-year increase in the long run and a 5.17-year increase in the short run. Government health expenditures and the education index also have a positive and significant impact on life expectancy in both the long and short term, whereas unemployment has a negative and significant effect in both periods.
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References
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References
طاهری بازخانه، ص و همکاران. (1394). بررسی عوامل اقتصادی-اجتماعی مؤثر بر امید به زندگی در ایران. مشهد:
دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد. مجله اقتصادی شماره های 1 و 2 صفحات 77-94. https://ejip.ir/article-1-735-fa.pdf
متقی، س. (1393). عوامل مؤثر بر امید به زندگی در کشورهای منتخب اسلامی. ایران: فصلنامه پژوهشنامه اقتصادی،
شماره 55 ص¬ص 185-205. https://joer.atu.ac.ir/article_927_06d71eb007052c6fe713467fa3fb9013.pdf
مهدوی مزده، ا و همکاران. (1395). بررسی رابطه نابرابری درامدی و امید به زندگی در کشورهای منتخب. ایران:
فصلنامه پژوهش¬های اقتصادی ایران شماره 67 ص¬ص 1-24. https://ijer.atu.ac.ir/article_7234_b30238ed3a85c11f548f37a3dc9dd85c.pdf
نگینی، آ. (1403). امید به زندگی: بررسی مفاهیم، عوامل مؤثر و چالش¬ها. ایران: فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناسی و علوم
تربیتی دوره 10 شماره 1 ص¬ص 14-21. http://www.uctjournals.com/farsi/archive/psychology/1403/spring/2.pdf
صدیقی، ف. ا.، رهین، ا . (1403) . تورم و تأثیرات آن بر بیکاری در افغانستان. ژورنال علوم اجتماعی- پوهنتون کابل 7 (3) . 233-250 . https://doi.org/10.62810/jss.v7i4.131
Ahmad, N., Raid, M., Alzyadat, J., & Alhawal, H. (2023). Impact of urbanization and income inequality on life expectancy of male and female in South Asian countries: a moderating role of health expenditures. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02005-1
Baker, D., Illsley, R., & Forster, D. P. (1992). Income distribution and life expectancy [9]. British Medical Journal, 304(6828), 715–716. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6828.715-c
Blázquez-Fernández, C., Cantarero-Prieto, D., & Pascual-Saez, M. (2018). Does Rising Income Inequality Reduce Life Expectancy? New Evidence for 26 European Countries (1995–2014). Global Economic Review, 47(4), 464–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/1226508X.2018.1526098
Brønnum-Hansen, H., Foverskov, E., & Andersen, I. (2021). Income inequality in life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy in Denmark. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 75(2), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214108
Ebenstein, A., Fan, M., Greenstone, M., He, G., Yin, P., & Zhou, M. (2015). HIGH STAKES ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Growth, Pollution, and Life Expectancy: China from 1991–2012. American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, 105(5), 226–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151094
Gazilas, E. T. (2024). Factors Influencing Life Expectancy in Low-Income Countries: A Panel Data Analysis. Journal of Applied Economic Research, 23(3), 580–601. https://doi.org/10.15826/vestnik.2024.23.3.023
Ho, J. Y., & Hendi, A. S. (2018). Recent trends in life expectancy across high income countries: Retrospective observational study. BMJ (Online), 362. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2562
Hu, Y., van Lenthe, F. J., & Mackenbach, J. P. (2015). Income inequality, life expectancy and cause-specific mortality in 43 European countries, 1987–2008: a fixed effects study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 30(8), 615–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0066-x
Jetter, M., Laudage, S., & Stadelmann, D. (2019). The Intimate Link Between Income Levels and Life Expectancy: Global Evidence from 213 Years*. Social Science Quarterly, 100(4), 1387–1403. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12638
Kabir, M. (2008). Determinants of Life Expectancy in Developing Countries. The Journal of Developing Areas, 41(2), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2008.0013
Luo, W., & Xie, Y. (2020). Economic growth, income inequality and life expectancy in China. Social Science and Medicine, 256(16), 113046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113046
Messias, E. (2003). Income Inequality, Illiteracy Rate, and Life Expectancy in Brazil. American Journal of Public Health, 93(8), 1294–1296. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.8.1294
Monsef, A., & Mehrjardi, A. S. (2015). Determinants of Life Expectancy: A Panel Data Approach. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 5(11), 1251–1257. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr/2015.5.11/102.11.1251.1257
Personal, M., & Archive, R. (2016). Munich Personal RePEc Archive The Impact of Socio-Economic Factors on Life Expectancy for Sultanate of Oman : An Empirical Analysis. 70871. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/70871/
Rasella, D., Aquino, R., & Barreto, M. L. (2013). Impact of income inequality on life expectancy in a highly unequal developing country: The case of Brazil. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 67(8), 661–666. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2012-201426
Regidor, E., Calle, M. E., Navarro, P., & Domínguez, V. (2003). Trends in the association between average income, poverty and income inequality and life expectancy in Spain. Social Science and Medicine, 56(5), 961–971. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00107-7
Sart, G., Bayar, Y., & Danilina, M. (2024). Impact of education and income inequalities on life expectancy: insights from the new EU members. Frontiers in Public Health, 12(August), 1397585. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1397585
UNDP. (2023). Afghanistan Socioeconomic Outlook 2023. https://www.undp.org/afghanistan/publications/afghanistansocio- economic-outlook-2023
Walczak, D., Wantoch-Rekowski, J., & Marczak, R. (2021). Impact of income on life expectancy: A challenge for the pension policy. Risks, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/risks9040065
World Bank. (2019). Afghanistan: Public Expenditure Update. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/afghanistan/publication/afghanistan-public-expenditure-update
World Bank. (2022). Afghanistan’s Economy Faces Critical Challenges as it Adjusts to New Realities. In Afghanistan Development Update OCTOBER 2022 (p. 21). https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/18/afghanistan-s-economy-faces-critical-challenges-as-it-adjusts-to-new-realities