Main Article Content
Abstract
Organizational culture refers to the underlying assumptions regarding values, beliefs, norms, symbols, language, rituals, and myths that provide meaning to the actions of organizational members. It is collectively accepted and functions as a guide for behavior and expected practices. Using a descriptive survey method, this study assessed both the dominant and preferred organizational culture within the faculties, employing Cameron and Quinn’s (1999) Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI). The population consisted of 830 academic and administrative staff members, from which a sample of 263 participants was selected using Cochran’s formula and random sampling. The findings indicated that the dominant organizational culture was hierarchical—a culture that does not align with the dynamic nature of academic environments and the spirit of collaboration. In contrast, the preferred culture was identified as clan culture, reflecting a strong inclination toward a participatory, flexible, and cooperative atmosphere. The results emphasize the necessity for strategic transformation of the organizational culture.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Social Sciences - Kabul University

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Açıkgöz, B. (2006). Rekabetçi değerler yaklaşımı açısından yöneticilerin örgüt kültürüne ilişkin algılamaları: Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi örneği. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Bartell, M. (2003). Internationalization of universities: A university culture-based framework. Higher Education, 45(1), 43–70. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021225514599 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021225514599
- Baumgartner, R. J. (2009). Organizational culture and leadership: Preconditions for the development of a sustainable corporation. Sustainable development, 17(2), 102-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.405 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.405
- Beytekin, O.F., Yalcinkaya, M., Dogan, M., & Karakoc, N. (2010). The Organizational Culture at The University. International Journal of Educational Researchers, 1(2), 1-13. Available online at: http://ijer.eab.org.tr/1/2/1_beytekin.f.pdf
- Cameron, K. and Freeman, S. (1991) Cultural Congruence, Strength, and Type: Relationships to Effectiveness. Research in Organizational Change and Development, 5, 23-58.
- Cameron, K. S., & Ettington, D. R. (1988). The conceptual foundations of organizational culture. Higher education: Handbook of theory and research. Agathon Press. New York.
- Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2006). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. The Jossey-Bass Business & Management Series. Jossey-Bass
- Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. New York.
- Denison, D. R., & Mishra, A. K. (1995). Toward a theory of organizational culture and effectiveness. Organization Science, 6(2), 204-223. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.2.204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.2.204
- Denison, D.R.) 1990(. Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectiveness. Human Resource Management, John Wiley & Sons. 28 (4), https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930280408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930280408
- Fralinger, B., & Olson, V. (2007). Organizational culture at the university level: A study using the OCAI instrument. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 4(11), 85-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/tlc.v4i11.1528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/tlc.v4i11.1528
- Gan, D., & Alkaher, I. (2021). School staff perceptions on education for sustainability and sense of community as reflected in an elementary school culture in Israel. Environmental Education Research, 27(6), 821–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2021.1892030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2021.1892030
- Guerra, J. M., Martínez, I., Munduate, L., & Medina, F. J. (2005). A contingency perspective on the study of the consequences of conflict types: The role of organizational culture. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14(2), 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320444000245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320444000245
- Halis, M., & Naktiyok, A. (2003). Durumsaliği Açisindan Türk Örgüt Kültürlerindeki Yönelimler. Manas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(5), 109-135. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/manassosyal/issue/49963/640469
- Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and Organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1980.11656300 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1980.11656300
- Hofstede, G., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Gorshunov, M. A., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Vansant, B. (2020). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: Relationship to Magnitude of Financial Corruption and Corrupt Organizational Cultures. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.33423/jmpp.v21i2.2929 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33423/jmpp.v21i2.2929
- Kibria, M., Golam. (2013). The Magnitude of Cultural Factors That Affect School Enrolment and Retention in Afghanistan: An Analysis through Hofstede’s Cultural Model. Canadian Social Science, 9 (6), 161-168.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/j.css.1923669720130906.2951
- Lam, L., Nguyen, P., Le, N., & Tran, K. (2021). The relation among organizational culture, knowledge management, and innovation capability: Its implication for open innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010066
- Liu, H., W. Ke, K. K. Wei, J. Gu, and H. Chen. (2010). The Role of Institutional Pressures and Organizational Culture in the Firm’s Intention to Adopt Internet-Enabled Supply Chain Management Systems. Journal of Operations Management 28 (5): 372–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2009.11.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2009.11.010
- Maheshwari., R. (2022). A study on the strategic role of the Organizational Culture. International Journal of Management and Development Studies, 11(06), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.53983/ijmds.v11n06.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53983/ijmds.v11n06.003
- Mamatha, S. V., & Geetanjali, P. (2020). Founder leaders and organization culture: A comparative study on Indian and American founder leaders based on Schein’s model of organizational culture. IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review, 9(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/2277975219890932 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2277975219890932
- Matkó, A., & Takács, T. (2017). Examination of the relationship between organizational culture and performance. International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering, 8(1), 99-105. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1556/1848.2017.8.1.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/1848.2017.8.1.14
- Mehta, S., & Krishnan, V. R. (2004). Impact of organizational culture and influence tactics on transformational leadership. Management and Labour Studies, 29(4), 281-290. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0258042X0402900 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0258042X0402900403
- Mubarok, E. S. (2019). The effect of organizational culture and work motivation on employee performance: The mediating role of job satisfaction. European Journal of Business and Management, 11(35), 69-79 http://doi.org/10.7176/EJBM/11-35-09 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7176/EJBM/11-35-09
- Murphy, W.H., Gölgeci, I. and Johnston, D.A. (2020). Power-based behaviors between supply chain partners of diverse national and organizational cultures: the crucial role of boundary spanners’ cultural intelligence. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 35(2), 204-218. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-05-2018-0179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-05-2018-0179
- Ouchi, W. G., & Wilkins, A. L. (1985). Organizational culture. Annual Review of Sociology, 11,(1) 457–483. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.11.080185.002325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.11.1.457
- Panagiotis, M., Alexandros, S., & George, P. (2014). Organizational culture and motivation in the public sector. the case of the city of zografou. Procedia Economics and Finance, 14, 415-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00730-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00730-8
- Pell, D. J., & Amigud, A. (2023). The higher education dilemma: The views of faculty on integrity, organizational culture, and duty of fidelity. Journal of Academic Ethics, 21(1), 155-175. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-022-09445-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-022-09445-5
- Qatawneh, A. M. (2023). The role of organizational culture in supporting better accounting information systems outcomes. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(1), 2164-669. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2164669 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2164669
- Quinn, R. E., and J. Rohrbaugh. (1983). A Spatial Model of Effectiveness Criteria: Towards a Competing Values Approach to Organizational Analysis. Management Science 29 (3): 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.3.363 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.3.363
- Rahman, A., Partiwi, S. G., & Theopilus, D. S. (2021). University organizational culture mapping using organizational culture assessment instrument. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1072(1) 012-069. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1072/1/012069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1072/1/012069
- Rezaian, A. (2017). Organizational Culture (Advanced Organizational Behavior Management). Tehran: Organization of study and editing of humanities books of universities, Humanities Research and Development Institute. Samt Organization. Tehran.
- Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2010). Essentials of organizational behavior (10th ed.). Pearson Education.
- Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
- Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
- Şengüllendi, M. F., Bilgetürk, M., & Afacan Fındıklı, M. (2023). Ethical leadership and green innovation: the mediating role of green organizational culture. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 67(8), 1702–1723. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2023.2180347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2023.2180347
- Sezgin, O. (2009). Exploring the relationship between the concepts of organizational culture, organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Yeditepe University.
- Shane, S. L. (2006). Canadian organizational behavior (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
- Sharma, S., & Aparicio, E. (2022). Organizational and team culture as antecedents of protection motivation among IT employees. Computers & Security, 1-14, (120), 102774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2022.102774 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2022.102774
- Smart, J. C., & St. John, E. P. (1996). Organizational Culture and Effectiveness in Higher Education: A Test of the “Culture Type” and “Strong Culture” Hypotheses. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 18(3), 219-241. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737018003219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737018003219
- Sporn, B. (1999). Towards More Adaptive Universities: Trends of Institutional Reform in Europe. Higher Education in Europe, 24(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/0379772990240103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0379772990240103
- Sporn, B. (2001). Building adaptive universities: Emerging organizational forms based on experiences of European and us universities. Tertiary Education and Management, 7(2), 121–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2001.9967046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2001.9967046
- Turan, S., Durceylan, B., & Şişman, M. (2005). Üniversite yöneticilerinin benimsedikleri idari ve kültürel değerler. Manas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 181-202. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/manassosyal/issue/49971/640600
- Whiten, A., Hinde, R. A., Laland, K. N., & Stringer, C. B. (2011). Culture evolves. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1567), 938–948. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0372
- Wijethilake, C., Upadhaya, B., & Lama, T. (2021). The role of organizational culture in organizational change towards sustainability: evidence from the garment manufacturing industry. Production Planning & Control, 34(3), 275–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2021.1913524 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2021.1913524
- Wyrwicka., M.K., Chuda A., 2019. The diagnosis of organizational culture as a change’s factor in the context application of design thinking. LogForum 15 (2), 279-290, http://doi.org/10.17270/J.LOG.2019.319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17270/J.LOG.2019.319
References
Açıkgöz, B. (2006). Rekabetçi değerler yaklaşımı açısından yöneticilerin örgüt kültürüne ilişkin algılamaları: Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi örneği. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Bartell, M. (2003). Internationalization of universities: A university culture-based framework. Higher Education, 45(1), 43–70. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021225514599 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021225514599
Baumgartner, R. J. (2009). Organizational culture and leadership: Preconditions for the development of a sustainable corporation. Sustainable development, 17(2), 102-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.405 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.405
Beytekin, O.F., Yalcinkaya, M., Dogan, M., & Karakoc, N. (2010). The Organizational Culture at The University. International Journal of Educational Researchers, 1(2), 1-13. Available online at: http://ijer.eab.org.tr/1/2/1_beytekin.f.pdf
Cameron, K. and Freeman, S. (1991) Cultural Congruence, Strength, and Type: Relationships to Effectiveness. Research in Organizational Change and Development, 5, 23-58.
Cameron, K. S., & Ettington, D. R. (1988). The conceptual foundations of organizational culture. Higher education: Handbook of theory and research. Agathon Press. New York.
Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2006). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. The Jossey-Bass Business & Management Series. Jossey-Bass
Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. New York.
Denison, D. R., & Mishra, A. K. (1995). Toward a theory of organizational culture and effectiveness. Organization Science, 6(2), 204-223. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.2.204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.2.204
Denison, D.R.) 1990(. Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectiveness. Human Resource Management, John Wiley & Sons. 28 (4), https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930280408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930280408
Fralinger, B., & Olson, V. (2007). Organizational culture at the university level: A study using the OCAI instrument. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 4(11), 85-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/tlc.v4i11.1528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/tlc.v4i11.1528
Gan, D., & Alkaher, I. (2021). School staff perceptions on education for sustainability and sense of community as reflected in an elementary school culture in Israel. Environmental Education Research, 27(6), 821–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2021.1892030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2021.1892030
Guerra, J. M., Martínez, I., Munduate, L., & Medina, F. J. (2005). A contingency perspective on the study of the consequences of conflict types: The role of organizational culture. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14(2), 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320444000245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320444000245
Halis, M., & Naktiyok, A. (2003). Durumsaliği Açisindan Türk Örgüt Kültürlerindeki Yönelimler. Manas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(5), 109-135. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/manassosyal/issue/49963/640469
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and Organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1980.11656300 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1980.11656300
Hofstede, G., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gorshunov, M. A., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Vansant, B. (2020). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: Relationship to Magnitude of Financial Corruption and Corrupt Organizational Cultures. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.33423/jmpp.v21i2.2929 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33423/jmpp.v21i2.2929
Kibria, M., Golam. (2013). The Magnitude of Cultural Factors That Affect School Enrolment and Retention in Afghanistan: An Analysis through Hofstede’s Cultural Model. Canadian Social Science, 9 (6), 161-168.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/j.css.1923669720130906.2951
Lam, L., Nguyen, P., Le, N., & Tran, K. (2021). The relation among organizational culture, knowledge management, and innovation capability: Its implication for open innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010066
Liu, H., W. Ke, K. K. Wei, J. Gu, and H. Chen. (2010). The Role of Institutional Pressures and Organizational Culture in the Firm’s Intention to Adopt Internet-Enabled Supply Chain Management Systems. Journal of Operations Management 28 (5): 372–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2009.11.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2009.11.010
Maheshwari., R. (2022). A study on the strategic role of the Organizational Culture. International Journal of Management and Development Studies, 11(06), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.53983/ijmds.v11n06.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53983/ijmds.v11n06.003
Mamatha, S. V., & Geetanjali, P. (2020). Founder leaders and organization culture: A comparative study on Indian and American founder leaders based on Schein’s model of organizational culture. IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review, 9(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/2277975219890932 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2277975219890932
Matkó, A., & Takács, T. (2017). Examination of the relationship between organizational culture and performance. International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering, 8(1), 99-105. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1556/1848.2017.8.1.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/1848.2017.8.1.14
Mehta, S., & Krishnan, V. R. (2004). Impact of organizational culture and influence tactics on transformational leadership. Management and Labour Studies, 29(4), 281-290. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0258042X0402900 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0258042X0402900403
Mubarok, E. S. (2019). The effect of organizational culture and work motivation on employee performance: The mediating role of job satisfaction. European Journal of Business and Management, 11(35), 69-79 http://doi.org/10.7176/EJBM/11-35-09 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7176/EJBM/11-35-09
Murphy, W.H., Gölgeci, I. and Johnston, D.A. (2020). Power-based behaviors between supply chain partners of diverse national and organizational cultures: the crucial role of boundary spanners’ cultural intelligence. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 35(2), 204-218. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-05-2018-0179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-05-2018-0179
Ouchi, W. G., & Wilkins, A. L. (1985). Organizational culture. Annual Review of Sociology, 11,(1) 457–483. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.11.080185.002325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.11.1.457
Panagiotis, M., Alexandros, S., & George, P. (2014). Organizational culture and motivation in the public sector. the case of the city of zografou. Procedia Economics and Finance, 14, 415-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00730-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00730-8
Pell, D. J., & Amigud, A. (2023). The higher education dilemma: The views of faculty on integrity, organizational culture, and duty of fidelity. Journal of Academic Ethics, 21(1), 155-175. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-022-09445-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-022-09445-5
Qatawneh, A. M. (2023). The role of organizational culture in supporting better accounting information systems outcomes. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(1), 2164-669. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2164669 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2164669
Quinn, R. E., and J. Rohrbaugh. (1983). A Spatial Model of Effectiveness Criteria: Towards a Competing Values Approach to Organizational Analysis. Management Science 29 (3): 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.3.363 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.3.363
Rahman, A., Partiwi, S. G., & Theopilus, D. S. (2021). University organizational culture mapping using organizational culture assessment instrument. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1072(1) 012-069. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1072/1/012069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1072/1/012069
Rezaian, A. (2017). Organizational Culture (Advanced Organizational Behavior Management). Tehran: Organization of study and editing of humanities books of universities, Humanities Research and Development Institute. Samt Organization. Tehran.
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2010). Essentials of organizational behavior (10th ed.). Pearson Education.
Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Şengüllendi, M. F., Bilgetürk, M., & Afacan Fındıklı, M. (2023). Ethical leadership and green innovation: the mediating role of green organizational culture. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 67(8), 1702–1723. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2023.2180347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2023.2180347
Sezgin, O. (2009). Exploring the relationship between the concepts of organizational culture, organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Yeditepe University.
Shane, S. L. (2006). Canadian organizational behavior (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Sharma, S., & Aparicio, E. (2022). Organizational and team culture as antecedents of protection motivation among IT employees. Computers & Security, 1-14, (120), 102774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2022.102774 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2022.102774
Smart, J. C., & St. John, E. P. (1996). Organizational Culture and Effectiveness in Higher Education: A Test of the “Culture Type” and “Strong Culture” Hypotheses. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 18(3), 219-241. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737018003219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737018003219
Sporn, B. (1999). Towards More Adaptive Universities: Trends of Institutional Reform in Europe. Higher Education in Europe, 24(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/0379772990240103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0379772990240103
Sporn, B. (2001). Building adaptive universities: Emerging organizational forms based on experiences of European and us universities. Tertiary Education and Management, 7(2), 121–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2001.9967046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2001.9967046
Turan, S., Durceylan, B., & Şişman, M. (2005). Üniversite yöneticilerinin benimsedikleri idari ve kültürel değerler. Manas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 181-202. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/manassosyal/issue/49971/640600
Whiten, A., Hinde, R. A., Laland, K. N., & Stringer, C. B. (2011). Culture evolves. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1567), 938–948. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0372
Wijethilake, C., Upadhaya, B., & Lama, T. (2021). The role of organizational culture in organizational change towards sustainability: evidence from the garment manufacturing industry. Production Planning & Control, 34(3), 275–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2021.1913524 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2021.1913524
Wyrwicka., M.K., Chuda A., 2019. The diagnosis of organizational culture as a change’s factor in the context application of design thinking. LogForum 15 (2), 279-290, http://doi.org/10.17270/J.LOG.2019.319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17270/J.LOG.2019.319